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Based on the belief that prostitution cannot be understood apart from an analysis of women's role in society, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of the historical, sociological, and anthropological background of prostitution. Following a discussion of the origins of prostitution, the forms of prostitution and cultural influences on it are considered for the ancient Near East, the Greeks, the Romans, India, China, and Medieval Europe. The evolution of prostitution in Western countries is a major focus of the book. Issues discussed include women as property, pornography and the fear of sexuality, religion and promiscuity, sex and social class, and the control of veneral disease. Efforts at abolishing prostitution through the law are reviewed. Generally, the book concludes that prostitution will be found in strength where large numbers of men are concentrated away from wives and families for long periods, where there is a double standard that restricts the female while giving the male freedom, and where there are many socioeconomic obstacles to marriage. The book argues that prostitution will be reduced as women are permitted greater sexual freedom and as the socioeconomic conditions that provide fertile ground for the recruitment of prostitutes are reduced. Strong prohibitions against involuntary prostitution are favored. Chapter notes, annotated bibliography, and subject index.

Monoclonal antibody-based immunoassay for type A Clostridium botulinum toxin is comparable to the bioassay of a mouse .

A monoclonal antibody (BA11) has been produced against Clostridium botulinum type A neurotoxin by the fusion of myeloma cells (P3 NS1/1-Ag4-1) with spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with botulinum type A neurotoxoid. The antibody bound specifically to botulinum type A neurotoxin, showing no cross-reactivity with types B and E botulinum toxins or with any of several other bacterial toxins tested. The monoclonal antibody did not bind to botulinum type A neurotoxin which had been denatured with sodium dodecyl sulfate and bound only weakly to each of the separated heavy and light subunits of the neurotoxin, suggesting a conformational requirement for the antigenic determinant of the antibody. A sensitive immunoassay for C. botulinum type A toxin with monoclonal antibody BA11 in conjunction with an enzyme amplication system has been developed which allows detection of 5 to 10 mouse 50% lethal doses ml-1 of purified neurotoxin. The assay was equally sensitive when applied to the detection of crude toxin in food stuffs; the average value for the minimum level of detectable toxin in extracts of tinned salmon or corned beef was 9 +/- 3.1 mouse 50% lethal doses ml-1.